Chemistry practicals

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Chemistry Practicals

Alkalinity of water sample

The  alkalinity of the water is due to the pressure of hydroxide ion (HO-), carbonate CO3-2 ion, and bicarbonate HCO3- ions present in the water samples. The presence of  HO- , CO3-2 and HCO3- can be estimated separately by titrating the water sample against standard acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator. 


Chlorine content in water sample

The estimation of chlorine is based on oxidation of KI by residual chlorine. When the water sample containing chlorine is treated with KI it oxidize KI and liberates I2 in equivalent amount.

Chlorine content in water
Chlorine content in water Viva PDF


Ferrous ion concentration using Potentiometer

Potentiometer titration depend on measurement of emf between reference electrode. When a solution of ferrous iron is titrated with a solution of potassium dichromate.


Hardness of water by using EDTA

The total hardness(permanent and temporary) in water is determine by titrating the water sample against stranded ethylene diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) solution in ammonia buffer solution (PH=10) using EBT as indicator.

Ostwald's Viscosity


A traditional from of viscometer is shown below. it consists of U-shaped tube with two bulbs D and E, in each of the limbs; the latter is larger than the former. The left hand limb is essentially a pipette with two definite marks A and B above and below the bulb and a capillary.




Standardization of volumetric solution

There are different type of units of concentration that are used in preparation of  volumetric solution.


Titration 

The determination of equivalence point of a titration using conductometric method is based upon the measurement of conductivity during the course of titration, which varies in different manner before and after the equivalence point. 



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